Keywords: kiwifruit domestication, propagation, orchard management, scientific cooperation, genetics and breeding, germplasm collection, fair breeding
Abstract:
In this review we give an account of the introduction of kiwifruit to Italy and the development of the industry, that in the 1990s became the world-leading player. Although kiwifruit were known in Italy since the 1930s as ornamental plants, the first kiwifruit orchards were established in Italy in the late 1960s, after several articles appeared in the French popular literature. Most kiwifruit plantings are still of the cultivar ‘Hayward’ but there are now orchards of several new cultivars, including the yellow-fleshed ones, while the baby kiwifruit (A. argute) plays a marginal role. The Italian kiwifruit industry makes up only a small part of Italian horticulture in general, but is nevertheless profitable and still expanding, after the small contraction in recent years owing to the spread of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. The orchard management has evolved as follows: the plant density has increased, owing mainly to the reduction of within row spacing from 6.0 to approx. 2.0 m; pergola and the T-bar has become in a few years the most popular training systems; the ratio of pollenizers: females has changed from 1:7-15 to 1:1-3, while artificial pollination is being generally adopted. Yields can vary from 30 to 60 t/ha according the cultivar, training and pruning and the use of plant growth regulators. The presence of leading kiwifruit scientists in New Zealand, the country that first domesticated the kiwifruit, led to an intense exchange of researchers between the two countries, promoted by the Plant & Food Institute of New Zealand and the Universities of Bologna and Udine, while the contact with Chinese scientists developed later, in some case encouraged by common research projects funded by the European Union (EU). Several Italian scientists have developed personal contacts with kiwifruit scientists of most kiwifruit growing countries. Studies on genetics of kiwifruit were initiated by the New Zealand breeders of DSIR and stimulated the development of breeding programs in New Zealand, followed on smaller scale in other countries, such as France, Italy, Japan, Korea and Chile. The development of linkage maps allowed the mapping of traits of interest and the development of the so-called marker-assisted selection (MAS). The release of EST database by the New Zealand scientists and the publication in 2013 of the kiwifruit genome sequence by Chinese scientists offered new tools for the MAS of agronomic traits and offered as well the opportunity to study biochemical pathways of the synthesis of flesh pigments, fruit aromas and other traits, now introduced into modern breeding programmes. In this review I give a brief account also of the success in promoting exchange of expertise and scientists within the kiwifruit community.
關(guān)鍵詞：獼猴桃馴化、繁殖、果園管理、科學合作、遺傳育種、種質(zhì)資源收集、公平育種
摘要：
在這篇綜述中，我們介紹了獼猴桃傳入意大利以及該行業(yè)的發(fā)展，該行業(yè)在20世紀90年代成為世界領(lǐng)先者。盡管獼猴桃自20世紀30年代以來在意大利就被稱為觀賞植物，但在法國通俗文學中出現(xiàn)幾篇文章后，第一批獼猴桃果園于20世紀60年代末在意大利建立。大多數(shù)獼猴桃種植仍然是“海沃德”品種，但現(xiàn)在有幾個新品種的果園，包括黃肉獼猴桃，而小獼猴桃（A.argute）的作用很小。意大利獼猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)總體上只占意大利園藝業(yè)的一小部分，但在近年來由于獼猴桃細菌性潰瘍的傳播而出現(xiàn)小幅收縮后，該產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然盈利并仍在擴張。果園管理的演變?nèi)缦拢褐参锩芏仍黾?，主要是由于行距?.0米減少到約2.0米；涼棚和T型桿已成為幾年來最受歡迎的訓練系統(tǒng)；授粉者與雌性的比例從1:7-15變?yōu)?:1-3，人工授粉被普遍采用。根據(jù)品種、訓練和修剪以及植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑的使用，產(chǎn)量可以從30噸/公頃到60噸/公頃不等。新西蘭是第一個馴化獼猴桃的國家，新西蘭有頂尖的獼猴桃科學家，這促使兩國在新西蘭植物與食品研究所以及博洛尼亞大學和烏迪內(nèi)大學的推動下進行了密切的研究人員交流，而與中國科學家的聯(lián)系后來發(fā)展起來，在某些情況下受到了歐盟資助的共同研究項目的鼓勵。幾位意大利科學家與大多數(shù)獼猴桃種植國的獼猴桃科學家建立了個人聯(lián)系。獼猴桃遺傳學研究由DSIR的新西蘭育種者發(fā)起，促進了新西蘭育種計劃的發(fā)展，隨后在法國、意大利、日本、韓國和智利等其他國家進行了較小規(guī)模的研究。連鎖圖譜的開發(fā)允許繪制感興趣的性狀圖譜，并開發(fā)所謂的標記輔助選擇（MAS）。新西蘭科學家發(fā)布的EST數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國科學家于2013年發(fā)表的獼猴桃基因組序列為農(nóng)藝性狀的MAS提供了新的工具，也為研究肉色素、水果香氣和其他性狀合成的生化途徑提供了機會，這些途徑現(xiàn)已引入現(xiàn)代育種計劃。在這篇綜述中，我還簡要介紹了獼猴桃界在促進專業(yè)知識和科學家交流方面取得的成功。
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