Kiwifruit
by Hugh Campbell and Julia Haggerty 作者：休·坎貝爾和朱莉婭·哈格蒂
Kiwifruit have been grown in New Zealand since the early 1900s – the first seeds were brought from China by a visiting school headmistress. She couldn’t have guessed how popular the unassuming-looking berry was to become. Today, kiwifruit are the country’s highest-earning horticultural crop and a marketing success story.
自20世紀(jì)初以來，新西蘭就種植了獼猴桃——第一批種子是由一位到訪的學(xué)校女校長從中國帶來的。她無法想象這種看起來不起眼的漿果會(huì)變得多么受歡迎。如今，獼猴桃是該國收入最高的園藝作物，也是一個(gè)營銷成功的故事。
（左為威爾遜，右為把獼猴桃種子帶往新西蘭的女教師伊莎貝爾）
The hairy berry
Brown and fuzzy on the outside, a kiwifruit has to be opened to be appreciated – its bright green or gold flesh is attractive and sweet.
毛茸茸的漿果
奇異果外表呈棕色，毛茸茸的，必須打開才能欣賞——它明亮的綠色或金色果肉既誘人又甜美。
（威爾遜發(fā)現(xiàn)的中國醋栗，它現(xiàn)在更為熟知的名字是：獼猴桃）
The kiwifruit plant
Kiwifruit is the fruit of Actinidia deliciosa, a plant originally from China. A vigorous, deciduous vine, it grows to a height of 20 metres. It has large, round leaves 7–12 centimetres in diameter, and bears male and female flowers on separate plants. Male and female plants must grow close together for fruit to form. The fruit is an oblong berry, about the size of a large egg, with coarse brown skin densely covered in fuzzy hairs. Inside, bright green flesh speckled with tiny black seeds surrounds a white core.
獼猴桃植物
獼猴桃是原產(chǎn)于中國的美味獼猴桃的果實(shí)。它是一種生命力旺盛的落葉藤蔓植物，能長到20米高。它有直徑7-12厘米的大而圓的葉子，在不同的植物上開雄花和雌花。雄性和雌性植物必須靠得很近才能結(jié)出果實(shí)。果實(shí)是一種長方形漿果，大約有一個(gè)大雞蛋那么大，粗糙的棕色皮膚上密被毛茸茸的毛發(fā)。內(nèi)部，亮綠色的果肉上點(diǎn)綴著黑色的小種子，環(huán)繞著白色的核心。
▲野生獼猴桃
Vine longevity
Kiwifruit vines planted in New Zealand in the 1930s were still producing fruit in 2008. In Korea, one plant of a related vine, the arguta kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta), is reputed to be 600 years old.
藤蔓壽命
20世紀(jì)30年代在新西蘭種植的獼猴桃藤在2008年仍在結(jié)果。在韓國，有一種相關(guān)藤蔓植物，即arguta獼猴桃（Actinidia arguta），據(jù)說已有600年的歷史。
▲綠心獼猴桃
Eating kiwifruit
Kiwifruit is most often eaten fresh, although it can be made into juice, purées and preserves, and is used as an ingredient in cooking. The ripe fruit has a slightly acid tang, a bit like a gooseberry. Most New Zealanders consider kiwifruit-topped pavlova to be a national dish.
吃獼猴桃
獼猴桃最常新鮮食用，盡管它可以制成果汁、果泥和蜜餞，并被用作烹飪的原料。成熟的水果有點(diǎn)酸味，有點(diǎn)像醋栗。大多數(shù)新西蘭人認(rèn)為獼猴桃配巴甫洛娃是一道國菜。
Highest-earning fruit crop
Kiwifruit has been grown in New Zealand since the early 1900s, but became an important export crop only after the Second World War. The industry boomed in the 1970s but crashed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when competing countries entered the market. However, with improved production techniques and close attention to environmental issues, along with aggressive marketing, New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry has bounced back. In 2006, kiwifruit was New Zealand’s highest-earning horticultural crop, accounting for 30% of horticultural export earnings.
收入最高的水果作物
新西蘭自20世紀(jì)初開始種植獼猴桃，但直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后才成為重要的出口作物。該行業(yè)在20世紀(jì)70年代蓬勃發(fā)展，但在20世紀(jì)80年代末和90年代初崩潰，當(dāng)時(shí)競爭對(duì)手進(jìn)入了市場。然而，隨著生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的改進(jìn)和對(duì)環(huán)境問題的密切關(guān)注，以及積極的營銷，新西蘭的獼猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)反彈。2006年，獼猴桃是新西蘭收入最高的園藝作物，占園藝出口收入的30%。
Early history, names and varieties
Introduction to New Zealand
Kiwifruit seeds first arrived in New Zealand in 1904, brought back from China by Wanganui Girls' College headmistress Isabel Fraser, who had been visiting her missionary sister. She gave the seeds to Alexander Allison, a Whanganui farmer with an interest in unusual plants.
早期歷史、名稱和品種
新西蘭簡介
Kiwifruit種子于1904年首次抵達(dá)新西蘭，由Wanganui女子學(xué)院女校長Isabel Fraser從中國帶回，當(dāng)時(shí)她正在探望她的傳教士妹妹。她把種子送給了亞歷山大·艾利森，一位對(duì)不同尋常的植物感興趣的旺格努伊農(nóng)民。
▲Hayward Wright上世紀(jì)二十年代選育的海沃德品種依然在很多國家種植
Chinese gooseberry
Alexander Allison is credited with growing the first plants of Chinese gooseberry, as kiwifruit was originally known in New Zealand. Its fruit attracted the interest of a number of nurserymen, and by the 1920s plants were being sold at several nurseries. Chinese gooseberries became increasingly popular in the 1930s and 1940s, but remained a novelty crop grown in private gardens and for local markets.
獼猴桃
亞歷山大·艾利森（Alexander Allison）種植了第一批獼猴桃，獼猴桃最初在新西蘭被稱為獼猴桃。它的果實(shí)引起了許多苗圃的興趣，到20世紀(jì)20年代，幾家苗圃都在出售這種植物。中國醋栗在20世紀(jì)30年代和40年代越來越受歡迎，但仍然是一種在私人花園和當(dāng)?shù)厥袌龇N植的新奇作物。
▲奇異果&奇異鳥，是不是長得很像，因?yàn)楣徒q毛酷似新西蘭國鳥奇異鳥，于是中國的毛桃傍上了國字號(hào)，有了洋氣的名子：奇異果。
Strange names
In China, kiwifruit has several colloquial names, including monkey peach, macaque pear, vine pear, sun peach and wood berry. Recently, the name strange fruit, an apparent transliteration of the word kiwifruit, has become common in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
奇怪的名字
在中國，獼猴桃有幾個(gè)俗稱，包括猴桃、獼猴、藤梨、太陽桃和木莓。最近，奇異果這個(gè)名字在臺(tái)灣和香港變得很常見，它顯然是獼猴桃的音譯。
（醋栗本是一種生長在印尼、菲律賓、巴西等熱帶地區(qū)的水果，洋人發(fā)明了“中國醋栗”來命名獼猴桃）
Hayward’s cultivar
Early horticulturalists selected Chinese gooseberry plants grown from the original seed. Most notable was Auckland nurseryman Hayward Wright, whose vines grew large fruit that kept well and had an excellent flavour. These plants were propagated by grafting and eventually became the preferred cultivated variety (cultivar) for both growers and consumers. In 1956 the cultivar was named Hayward as a tribute. By the late 1960s it was the standard cultivar of the kiwifruit export trade.
海沃德品種
早期的園藝家選擇了從原始種子生長的中國醋栗植物。最著名的是奧克蘭的苗圃主海沃德-賴特，他的葡萄藤結(jié)出了大果實(shí)，保存良好，味道極佳。這些植物通過嫁接繁殖，最終成為種植者和消費(fèi)者的首選栽培品種（栽培品種）。1956年，該品種被命名為Hayward作為貢品。到20世紀(jì)60年代末，它已成為獼猴桃出口貿(mào)易的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品種。
▲海沃德
Name changes
The name Chinese gooseberry was changed to melonette, then kiwifruit in 1959 by Auckland fruit-packing company Turner & Growers. Kiwifruit soon became the standard name in horticultural circles. Some countries shorten the name to kiwi.
名稱更改
1959年，奧克蘭水果包裝公司Turner&Growers將中國醋栗的名字改為甜瓜，然后是獼猴桃。獼猴桃很快成為園藝界的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱。一些國家將名字縮寫為kiwi。
The green-fleshed kiwifruit was originally given the scientific name Actinidia chinensis, but after an examination of plants in China, botanists renamed it A. deliciosa in 1984. The name A. chinensis was reserved for yellow-fleshed kiwifruit.
這種綠色果肉的獼猴桃最初被命名為中華獼猴桃，但在對(duì)中國植物進(jìn)行研究后，植物學(xué)家于1984年將其更名為美味獼猴桃。A.chinensis這個(gè)名字是為黃肉獼猴桃保留的。
Gold kiwifruit
In the late 1970s, seeds of A. chinensis were imported to breed new types of kiwifruit. Experiments produced a favourite, ‘Hort16A’, named for its position in the research orchard and the organisation which developed it (HortResearch). In 2000, the cultivar was launched on the worldwide market by Zespri, New Zealand’s kiwifruit marketing company, under the trade name Zespri Gold. The smooth-skinned, yellow-fleshed fruit tasted sweet, with overtones of mango – qualities that have been the key to new Asian markets.
金果
20世紀(jì)70年代末，中國獼猴桃種子被引進(jìn)以培育新型獼猴桃。實(shí)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)最受歡迎的“Hort16A”，以它在研究果園中的地位和開發(fā)它的組織（HortResearch）命名。2000年，新西蘭獼猴桃營銷公司Zespri以商品名Zespri Gold向全球市場推出了該品種。這種果皮光滑、果肉黃色的水果嘗起來很甜，帶有芒果的味道——這些品質(zhì)一直是開拓亞洲新市場的關(guān)鍵。
The introduction of gold-fleshed kiwifruit has been a turning point in the industry’s history. It is likely that other, perhaps more competitive, cultivars may be developed, and another breed, Actinidia arguta, has been introduced commercially.
金肉獼猴桃的引入是該行業(yè)歷史上的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。很可能會(huì)開發(fā)出其他更具競爭力的品種，另一個(gè)品種——軟棗獼猴桃已經(jīng)商業(yè)化引進(jìn)。
Growing kiwifruit
Location
In New Zealand in 2022, 14,700 hectares was planted in kiwifruit. By far the greatest concentration of orchards was in Bay of Plenty, especially near Te Puke. There were smaller concentrations in the Northland, Auckland, Gisborne and Nelson regions.
種植獼猴桃
地點(diǎn)
2022年，新西蘭種植了14700公頃獼猴桃。到目前為止，果園最集中的地方是豐盛灣，尤其是特普克附近。北國、奧克蘭、吉斯伯恩和納爾遜地區(qū)的濃度較小。
▲新西蘭獼猴桃種植區(qū)域
Growing requirements
Kiwifruit vines are fairly hardy and grow in a wide range of temperatures, but to produce satisfactory fruit they need:
well-drained, fertile soils
shelter from the wind
adequate moisture year-round
protection from autumn and spring frosts.
不斷增長的需求
獼猴桃藤相當(dāng)耐寒，可以在各種溫度下生長，但要生產(chǎn)出令人滿意的果實(shí)，它們需要：
排水良好、肥沃的土壤
避風(fēng)處
全年濕度充足
防止秋季和春季霜凍。
▲獼猴桃藤
Soils
The deep, yellow-brown loams of Bay of Plenty are well-drained, but need regular nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium once the vines begin cropping. Orchards are usually fertilised in spring and early summer with 200 kilograms of nitrogen, 55 kilograms of phosphorus and 100–150 kilograms of potassium per hectare.
土壤
豐盛灣的深黃褐色壤土排水良好，但一旦葡萄開始種植，就需要定期的氮、磷和鉀。果園通常在春季和初夏施肥，每公頃施用200公斤氮、55公斤磷和100-150公斤鉀。
Shelter
Wind is a major limiting factor in establishing a kiwifruit orchard and growing high-quality fruit. Young and flowering shoots are easily damaged, and most orchards need protection from New Zealand’s persistent winds. In the 1970s and 1980s growers planted shelter belts of fast-growing trees, but increasingly they are building artificial windbreaks using polythene fabric.
庇護(hù)所
風(fēng)是建立獼猴桃園和種植優(yōu)質(zhì)水果的主要限制因素。幼枝和開花的枝條很容易受損，大多數(shù)果園需要保護(hù)，以抵御新西蘭持續(xù)的風(fēng)。在20世紀(jì)70年代和80年代，種植者種植了速生樹木的防護(hù)帶，但他們?cè)絹碓蕉嗟厥褂镁垡蚁┛椢锝ㄔ烊斯し里L(fēng)林。
Irrigation
On the drier East Coast, where annual rainfall is less than 1,000 millimetres, kiwifruit orchards need irrigation in summer. Elsewhere, young vines usually benefit from irrigation.
灌溉
在年降雨量不足1000毫米的干燥東海岸，獼猴桃園在夏季需要灌溉。在其他地方，年輕的葡萄藤通常受益于灌溉。
Frost protection
In winter, kiwifruit vines are leafless and dormant, and can withstand frosts to -10°C. But in spring and autumn, plants are vulnerable to frost damage. Growers use water sprinklers and wind machines to protect their crop if frosts are forecast.
防凍保護(hù)
冬天，獼猴桃藤是無葉的，處于休眠狀態(tài)，可以承受-10°C的霜凍。但在春季和秋季，植物容易受到霜凍的破壞。如果預(yù)報(bào)有霜凍，種植者會(huì)使用噴水器和風(fēng)力機(jī)來保護(hù)他們的作物。
The orchard
Kiwifruit is grown in orchards that are almost exclusively devoted to the one fruit. This differs from other countries, where kiwifruit is grown along with a number of other fruits.
果園
獼猴桃種植在幾乎只種植一種水果的果園里。這與其他國家不同，在這些國家，獼猴桃與許多其他水果一起種植。
The average New Zealand orchard is small compared with overseas competitors. In 2006, there were 3,077 kiwifruit growers registered with Zespri. Two-thirds had orchards smaller than 5 hectares.
與海外競爭對(duì)手相比，新西蘭果園的平均面積很小。2006年，有3077名獼猴桃種植者在Zespri注冊(cè)。其中三分之二的果園面積小于5公頃。
Support structures
Vines are grown and trained on supports – either a pergola or T-bar – both of which were designed in New Zealand, but have been adopted as the global industry standard. Vines need to be pruned, otherwise they become a tangle of unproductive, leafy shoots.
支撐結(jié)構(gòu)
葡萄藤在支撐物上生長和訓(xùn)練——無論是藤架還是T型桿——這兩種支撐物都是在新西蘭設(shè)計(jì)的，但已被采納為全球行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。葡萄樹需要修剪，否則它們會(huì)變成一團(tuán)生產(chǎn)力低下、枝繁葉茂的枝條。
Planting layout
The vines are planted out in rows some 3–5 metres apart, depending on the type of support, and with a spacing of 5–6 metres between plants in a row. To ensure pollination, male plants are distributed through the orchard, with male to female plant ratios around 1:5.
種植布局
根據(jù)支撐類型，葡萄藤成排種植，間距約為3-5米，一排植物之間的間距為5-6米。為了確保授粉，雄性植物在果園中分布，雄性與雌性植物的比例約為1:5。
▲獼猴桃藤
Pests
Kiwifruit arrived in New Zealand without any of its associated pests, and for the first decades of its cultivation was virtually pest-free. But as the area of vines increased, leafroller caterpillars, scale insects and mites began to attack. Various species of leafroller feed on the leaves and scar the fruit, with the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) the most common. Greedy scale insect (Hemiberlesia rapax) sucks the sap of young plants and can infest the fruit. Kiwifruit with signs of greedy scale are not accepted for export.
害蟲
獼猴桃在抵達(dá)新西蘭時(shí)沒有任何相關(guān)害蟲，在種植的頭幾十年里幾乎沒有害蟲。但隨著葡萄藤面積的增加，卷葉蟲、蚧蟲和螨蟲開始攻擊。各種類型的卷葉蛾以葉子為食，并在果實(shí)上留下疤痕，其中褐頭卷葉蛾（Ctenopseustis obliquana）最為常見。貪婪的蚧蟲（Hemiberlesia rapax）會(huì)吸取幼苗的汁液，并可能侵染果實(shí)。有貪婪規(guī)模跡象的獼猴桃不被接受出口。
Diseases
Root rots can develop from infection by Phytophthora soil fungi, especially on poorly drained sites. The native bootlace fungus Armillaria novaezelandiae spreads to kiwifruit from infected dead tree stumps or buried wood and causes fatal infections. In humid climates, grey mould Botrytis cinerea rot infects flowers and young fruit.
The bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) arrived in New Zealand on Chinese kiwifruit pollen. First discovered in local vines in November 2010, it had a widespread and severe impact on the local industry, costing several hundred farmers hundreds of millions of dollars.
疾病
根腐病可能是由疫霉土壤真菌感染引起的，特別是在排水不良的地方。當(dāng)?shù)氐男瑤д婢鶤rmillaria novaezelandiae從受感染的死樹樁或埋藏的木頭傳播到獼猴桃上，并導(dǎo)致致命的感染。在潮濕的氣候條件下，灰霉病灰霉病會(huì)感染花朵和幼果。
丁香假單胞菌。獼猴桃科（Psa）以中國獼猴桃花粉抵達(dá)新西蘭。它于2010年11月首次在當(dāng)?shù)仄咸烟僦邪l(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)生了廣泛而嚴(yán)重的影響，使數(shù)百名農(nóng)民損失了數(shù)億美元。
The production year
The growing season
The kiwifruit year starts after the previous season’s harvest, when the vines drop their leaves and enter winter dormancy. Growers prune fruited and surplus canes. Dormancy lasts until late August, when buds begin to swell. Budbreak, shoot growth and flowering occur in spring. The timing and extent of these depends on how cold winter was – chillier winters usually lead to more profuse flowering. However, prolonged freezing temperatures in winter, and spring and autumn frosts, can harm kiwifruit production.
生產(chǎn)年份
生長季節(jié)
獼猴桃年在上一季收獲后開始，此時(shí)葡萄藤落葉并進(jìn)入冬季休眠。種植者修剪水果和多余的藤條。休眠期持續(xù)到8月下旬，此時(shí)芽開始膨脹。芽萌發(fā)、芽生長和開花發(fā)生在春季。這些的時(shí)間和程度取決于冬季的寒冷程度——寒冷的冬季通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的開花。然而，冬季長時(shí)間的冰凍溫度以及春秋兩季的霜凍會(huì)損害獼猴桃的生產(chǎn)。
Pollination and fruiting
In early summer, flowers are pollinated and thinned. Kiwifruit are not self-pollinating, so part of each orchard must be devoted to male vines unless pollen is brought in for artificial pollination. Unlike most other fruits, kiwifruit need high levels of pollination (about 13,000 pollen grains per stigma compared to only 12 grains for apple flowers). Growers either place numerous honey-bee hives in the orchards temporarily, or artificially pollinate the flowers.
授粉和結(jié)果
初夏，花朵授粉并變薄。獼猴桃不是自花授粉的，因此每個(gè)果園的一部分必須專門用于雄性葡萄藤，除非引入花粉進(jìn)行人工授粉。與大多數(shù)其他水果不同，獼猴桃需要高水平的授粉（每個(gè)柱頭約13000個(gè)花粉粒，而蘋果花只有12個(gè)花粉粒）。種植者要么在果園里臨時(shí)放置許多蜜蜂蜂箱，要么人工為花朵授粉。
▲Kiwi pollination by honey bee
Wild weeds
As well as being New Zealand’s most important horticultural crop, kiwifruit has also become one of its problem weeds. Silvereye birds feed on ripe fruit and spread the seed to bush margins, where the vines grow and smother stands of native bush. Most wild kiwifruit is in the Bay of Plenty, but it has also been found in Canterbury and south Westland – quite distant from kiwifruit orchards.
Throughout summer the main tasks are to remove damaged or misshapen fruit, prune excessive vine growth to maintain fruit health, and control pests and diseases.
野草
獼猴桃不僅是新西蘭最重要的園藝作物，也成為新西蘭的問題雜草之一。銀眼鳥以成熟的果實(shí)為食，將種子傳播到灌木叢邊緣，藤蔓在那里生長，窒息了當(dāng)?shù)毓嗄緟病４蠖鄶?shù)野生獼猴桃都在豐盛灣，但在坎特伯雷和西南部也有發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些地方離獼猴桃園很遠(yuǎn)。
整個(gè)夏天的主要任務(wù)是清除受損或畸形的水果，修剪過度的藤蔓以保持水果健康，控制病蟲害。
Harvesting
Historically, kiwifruit harvesting was timed using a Brix test to determine the amount of sugar in the fruit. Orchardists now also use dry matter and colour tests to ensure harvested fruit has the desired eating qualities. Most fruit is picked in May. Since the mid-1990s, fruit from some early-maturing orchards has been picked for early shipments under the KiwiStart programme.
Fruit is picked by hand and put into bags, which when full are emptied into large wooden bins.
收割
從歷史上看，獼猴桃的收獲是通過白利糖度測試來確定水果中的糖含量。果園主現(xiàn)在也使用干物質(zhì)和顏色測試來確保收獲的水果具有所需的食用品質(zhì)。大多數(shù)水果在5月采摘。自20世紀(jì)90年代中期以來，根據(jù)KiwiStart計(jì)劃，一些早熟果園的水果已被采摘并提前發(fā)貨。
水果是用手摘的，放進(jìn)袋子里，裝滿后倒進(jìn)大木箱里。
Exports
The first exports of Chinese gooseberries were in 1952–53, from a few orchards in Te Puke, Bay of Plenty. Growers sent trial shipments to the UK and Australia, where the fruit was well received. Early exporters learned by trial and error the complexities of growing, harvesting, sorting, packing and storing a tender fruit for faraway markets.
The overseas demand for kiwifruit grew steadily in the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, kiwifruit producers intensified their use of chemical pesticides, adopted industrial production techniques such as mechanical sorting of fruit, and built large cool stores to hold the fruit ready for export.
出口
1952年至1953年，中國首次從豐盛灣特普克的幾個(gè)果園出口醋栗。種植者向英國和澳大利亞發(fā)送了試銷貨物，在那里水果受到了好評(píng)。早期的出口商通過反復(fù)試驗(yàn)了解了為遙遠(yuǎn)市場種植、收獲、分類、包裝和儲(chǔ)存嫩水果的復(fù)雜性。
▲這期間，弗里達(dá)·卡普蘭女士在美國銷售奇異果營銷策略，推動(dòng)獼猴桃銷售屢創(chuàng)新高。
Reefer ships
Kiwifruit is exported in reefers (refrigerated ships) rather than in refrigerated containers. 1984 was the first year that exporters chartered entire ships for their produce. Since then, Tauranga has become the dispatch port for most kiwifruit exports, which means that the bulk of growers – those in the Bay of Plenty – do not have to transport their fruit long distances in refrigerated trucks to get it to port.
冷藏船
獼猴桃是用冷藏箱（冷藏船）而不是冷藏集裝箱出口的。1984年是出口商為其產(chǎn)品包租整艘船的第一年。自那時(shí)起，陶朗加已成為大多數(shù)獼猴桃出口的發(fā)貨港口，這意味著大部分種植者——豐盛灣的種植者——不必用冷藏卡車長途運(yùn)輸水果才能到達(dá)港口。
▲這期間，弗里達(dá)·卡普蘭女士在美國銷售奇異果營銷策略，推動(dòng)獼猴桃銷售屢創(chuàng)新高。
Rise and fall
In the late 1970s kiwifruit was hailed as a ‘golden harvest’ because of the industry’s explosive growth. Financial success and the appeal of the orchardist’s lifestyle attracted investors and new growers, and kiwifruit-growing expanded to new areas such as Northland and Hawke’s Bay.
However, unstable interest rates and exchange rates and increased world supplies of kiwifruit led to an industry crisis between 1987 and 1989. Some growers felt bitter that overseas growers were raising kiwifruit from plant stock originally exported from New Zealand – ironically, kiwifruit promoters had created their own competition.
In a tough world market, many exporters competed to sell kiwifruit, driving down the price of the New Zealand fruit. Growers responded by lobbying government to regulate the export sector.
上升與下降
20世紀(jì)70年代末，獼猴桃因其行業(yè)的爆炸性增長而被譽(yù)為“黃金收成”。經(jīng)濟(jì)上的成功和果園主生活方式的吸引力吸引了投資者和新的種植者，獼猴桃種植也擴(kuò)展到了北國和霍克灣等新地區(qū)。
然而，不穩(wěn)定的利率和匯率以及世界獼猴桃供應(yīng)的增加導(dǎo)致了1987年至1989年間的行業(yè)危機(jī)。一些種植者對(duì)海外種植者從最初從新西蘭出口的植物原料中種植獼猴桃感到痛苦——具有諷刺意味的是，獼猴桃推廣商創(chuàng)造了自己的競爭對(duì)手。
在艱難的世界市場中，許多出口商競相銷售獼猴桃，壓低了新西蘭水果的價(jià)格。種植者的回應(yīng)是游說政府監(jiān)管出口部門。
Kiwifruit Marketing Board
The New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board was established in 1988 and had monopoly powers to distribute and market kiwifruit everywhere except Australia. In 2000 it adopted the corporate identity Zespri International Ltd.
獼猴桃營銷委員會(huì)
新西蘭獼猴桃營銷委員會(huì)成立于1988年，擁有在除澳大利亞以外的任何地方分銷和銷售獼猴桃的壟斷權(quán)。2000年采用Zespri International有限公司的企業(yè)標(biāo)識(shí)。
Overseas growers
So that it could supply kiwifruit year-round, Zespri began to represent some northern-hemisphere growers and gave them rights to grow gold kiwifruit. The Hayward cultivar is produced to Zespri standards by some Italian growers.
海外種植者
為了全年供應(yīng)獼猴桃，Zespri開始代表一些北半球種植者，并授予他們種植金獼猴桃的權(quán)利。Hayward品種是由一些意大利種植者按照Zespri標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)的。
KiwiGreen pest management
The problem of chemical residues
Just as the New Zealand kiwifruit industry was regrouping after the global overproduction crisis of the 1980s, a more severe price crash occurred when European kiwifruit began to enter the market around 1991. It was getting harder to sell to key European markets; in particular, Italian officials prosecuted New Zealand exporters for selling kiwifruit with high chemical residues.
Kiwi綠色害蟲管理
化學(xué)殘留物問題
就在20世紀(jì)80年代全球生產(chǎn)過剩危機(jī)后新西蘭獼猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)重組之際，1991年左右歐洲獼猴桃開始進(jìn)入市場時(shí)，發(fā)生了更嚴(yán)重的價(jià)格暴跌。向歐洲主要市場銷售變得越來越困難；特別是，意大利官員起訴新西蘭出口商銷售化學(xué)殘留量高的獼猴桃。
Kiwifruit growers had traditionally sprayed pests (specifically leafroller and scale insects) by the calendar. To meet early export requirements, orchards had to be inspected and declared free of pests and diseases. Before 1992, up to eight insecticide applications were sprayed each season, compared with only one in hot areas such as Chile and California.
獼猴桃種植者傳統(tǒng)上按日歷噴灑害蟲（特別是卷葉蟲和蚧蟲）。為了滿足早期的出口要求，必須對(duì)果園進(jìn)行檢查，并宣布沒有病蟲害。1992年之前，每個(gè)季節(jié)最多噴灑八種殺蟲劑，而智利和加利福尼亞等炎熱地區(qū)只有一種。
The KiwiGreen programme
Prosecution prompted the New Zealand industry to set up an integrated pest-management system. By 1997, all kiwifruit was produced according to KiwiGreen or certified organic protocols, where biocontrol methods are favoured, and chemical sprays are used only when there are high numbers of pests. The KiwiGreen programme also considers environmental factors, sustainability, ethical trading practices and hygiene standards.
KiwiGreen計(jì)劃
起訴促使新西蘭工業(yè)建立了一個(gè)綜合蟲害管理系統(tǒng)。到1997年，所有獼猴桃都是按照KiwiGreen或認(rèn)證的有機(jī)協(xié)議生產(chǎn)的，在這些協(xié)議中，生物防治方法受到青睞，只有在害蟲數(shù)量較多時(shí)才使用化學(xué)噴霧。KiwiGreen計(jì)劃還考慮了環(huán)境因素、可持續(xù)性、道德貿(mào)易慣例和衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
Acknowledgements to Jayson Benge, Bob Martin and Ross Ferguson 感謝Jayson Benge、Bob Martin和Ross Ferguson
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